On Being Isolated

I have been a specialist for two decades at this point, consistently prepared to help individuals who are out of luck, to recuperate them in the most outlandish way that a man can, to fix other people who asked of me again and again in the most segregated areas in this injured country. Be that as it may, these can vanish from a moment squint of an eye. The entire country is frantically needing recuperating, to be truth be told. It is difficult to think about an announcement of Jesus that is more enthusiastically to comprehend †or accept †than â€Å"blessed are the poor in soul for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven' in light of the fact that honestly, from whereI am standing, I don't exactly observe it by any means. Vive seen demise in wherever I go, pre-younger students kicked the bucket from being detonated by a bomb of the ABA Safe clash in Sambaing, a wiped out mother who passed on subsequent to bringing forth a twin since his significant other who happens to be a conduct or in a transport organization can't manage the cost of a legitimate three-day dinner for the family notwithstanding his very nearly 24-hours move. Also, Just like a week ago, Vive seen a lady who was cut by her own sister-in-law out of Jealousy.I bring this up with regards to thinking about that destitution is all over the place, that regardless of the amount we consider the did a Dana' it won't acquire the Filipino individuals great condition. I accept, as a Doctor, wellbeing is one of the most significant components in the public eye. It requires a lot of exertion to think of plans and proposition to keep the country in offset with wellbeing. The President Just expressed his State of the Nation a couple of days back, and it is pitiful that advancing great wellbeing and proposing for less expensive drugs and medical advantages doesn't appear as though its remembered for his flagships.True, that the organization is still on its procedure of restoring what was lost in Samara-Letter districts, however in discharging the entirety of the clinical help is by a long shot generally obscure in his publicity. Fortunately enough, we are living by the hands of the outsiders. The entirety of the endless alleviation's we got are from everywhere throughout the world. It is likewise very kind when Peons bureau individuals and Local Government Officials are buckling down for the wellbeing of everybody, except why it appears that everybody is as yet adapting up to the devastation.It has nearly been a year since it occurred, yet for what reason are these fantasies is by all accounts cleaned out by the hurricane? I am Just a Doctor, who can't support himself, since I am being hauled y the framework and by the vibes of it the legislature can't support its kin. I wish every one of those individuals who settled on choices could come down to perceive what the outcomes of their choices would resemble. However, who are those' individuals in any case? Tobacco officials who showcase a cancer-causing item? Aggregate food businesses that add to corpulence (and helpless dental health)?Insurance organizations that utilized obligation in credit default swabs and added to worldwide expansion? Regardless of whether I help myself in building a medical clinic, do you figure the administration would bolster me on that? How might I even realize that all of hose torment and exertion in helping individuals would truly pay off? Regardless of the amount I consider traveling to another country and commit myself in adding to the country's rising economy (despite the fact that it doesn't appear to be very felt), it would ponder me, and the media will utilize its enticing influence to kill individuals like us (specialists, attendants, advisors) like we are the most horrifying experts in the world.The facility that I as a rule take care of in Panamanian, each time Vive visited it, is about as against Aquinas as it gets, so it is difficult for me to accommodate the cases that protect ion (since when does each Filipino has protection and I wish everybody can) and co-pays ought to be under IPPP with the request that whatever our mishaps may be, they are the result of uncalled for treatment because of intensity and advantaged. In the President's discourse he discussed getting ready for future calamities and even spotlights on how his organization persist duties in those who are affected.I was one of the Doctors that quickly went to perceive how destroyed the spot was, however a one single authority was never truly there to proceed to glance in numerous far-lung territories. Help's were appropriated just about three days after that tropical storm. There used to be a few wellbeing communities in Tactical (where I was appointed) yet last January, it extended as far as possible. Individuals can't stroll to the fundamental wellbeing community in Tactical. There are trees all over and they have basically been cut off.We set up in the annihilated previous wellbeing facili ty and got a ton of patients. It was constant and individuals were cheerful that my group showed up. Also, in ordinary was the equivalent, we went to another remote town and the patients didn't quit coming. Plainly there is a gigantic need. As an independent Doctor, I can't spare the entire nation, yet numerous individuals are right now making due without clinical consideration and we will attempt to fill that hole until administrations are reestablished. Work when would i be able to acknowledge this appalling fact?Back in Tactical, we are for the most part rewarding respiratory diseases, and we've additionally observed a few patients with the runs. Without appropriate sanctuary and being presented to the components, many individuals have colds and fevers, particularly the children. Vive likewise experienced individuals who have been influenced intellectually by the storm. They are loathe with physical manifestations that you can't generally pinpoint, yet frequently we see this show s mental trouble. It's not unexpected to see this after such a horrible accident, so mental consideration is in need to.As I proceed with my trouble over the things I saw back last November when the Typhoon was out in the Philippine Area of Responsibility, I was attracted to more realities about this ailment of my nation in giving merited medical advantages. Gear and offices are as yet not up to the standard of private organizations. Government emergency clinics remain to a great extent sick prepared and have offered a long time because of the decay of government spending on medicinal services. Availability to open social insurance despite everything stays an argumentative issue, especially in progressively rustic areas.Ideally, everybody is qualified for medicinal services through Philately, however the difficult despite everything is, some are debilitated to pay for this since they despite everything pick ‘Panamanian Eng than' over human services and not every single clinica l strategy are secured by the Philately conspire and regularly the parity for clinical costs is to be paid by the patients. A few days ago, Budget Secretary Butch Bad introduced the 201 5 proposed financial plan of PA. 06 trillion ($60 billion), 15% higher than the earlier year. For wellbeing, the administration needs an APP. Billion spending plan for the update of 1,242 deal (town) wellbeing stations, 587 provincial wellbeing stations, 128 neighborhood government unit medical clinics, and 1 treatment and restoration focuses. The administration likewise looks for a PA. 3 billion spending plan to limit 2. 2 million kids and to give pneumatically antibodies to 1. 4 million senior residents and 429,000 newborn children. Large cash is allocated in Health. On the off chance that solitary the President would think about this, an arrangement where he can control the dissemination of financial plan fittingly for everyone.Although, he administered an apportioned sum in covering future catast rophe assets and increment in giving the National Health Insurance Program from APP. 3 billion ($810 million) to APP. 2 billion ($850 million); increment in inclusion from 14. 7 million to 15. 4 million recipients, it would be sufficiently very to continue what the country needs, however the unavoidable issue here is that if the organization can give this decently and genuinely. As a Doctor, I am not irritated by how the organization functions. I am incensed on how they oversee everything.I am not against to the individuals who are currently in the position, I accept they are put there for an explanation, an explanation that neither of us would know. Be that as it may, to be very fair, my heart goes to the individuals who merited a superior life. An existence of joy, soundness, and even the most underestimated acts. I am not favoring one side in thinking about that the Philippines is anything but a decision any longer; I won't have any desire to accept that. It is most likely one re ason why I despite everything keep myself streaming however much as could reasonably be expected, helping those poor; I accept that social insurance and social administrations ought to be given a significantly more credit, a greater point of view to end this misery.But for the present, I'll keep my expectations up. I will sit tight for the ideal time. In any case, I won't lose my expectation in this organization and in this energy in serving others. I challenge the President in aiding and advancing us, particularly the individuals who are in the clinical world, in mending our country's injuries. It may be hard, it is difficult, however there's no compelling reason to stress, it will be all well and right, in the event that we as a whole keep ourselves intently weave, together, connected at the hip.

Porsche Swot Analysis Case Study Examples & Samples

Question: Examine, Whats Driving Porsche? Answer: Presentation Headquartered in Austria, the historical backdrop of Porsche can be followed back to June 1948, when the principal sports vehicle was turned out by the organization. The rest, as it's been said, is history and Porsche has never thought back but to see its triumphs. The difficulties of things to come are effortlessly met with a solid decent footing on the accomplishments of its past, as Porsche keeps on developing and develop with life. The previous fifty years have seen the simplicity with which the German organization has characterized sports vehicle driving over the world. Notwithstanding the mergers saw in the previous decade, the organization is required to proceed with its autonomous and all around outlined development in the car business and unite its situation as a market chief in the superior vehicle section. Amazingly, Porsche gloats of in excess of 400 global models including the 356A and the 356B. The Porsche token has stayed unaltered from its first appearance in 1953. The organization has in excess of 1,250 laborers in its production lines and workplaces; and places high an incentive on quality control. Truth be told, one in each five representatives chips away at quality control; which adds to the general execution of the vehicle, yet additionally their general execution as far as quality and client support. Its product offering including the 911, Cayenne and Panamera have caught the creative mind of individuals over the world. The vehicle advertise was in a blast for Porsche during the 1980s, just to confront a significant droop during the 1990s (Rao, 1994). Its significant rivals are Mercedes Benz, BMW and Audi, every single enormous player in the top notch vehicle section in contrast with the a lot littler Porsche. Monetary Performance The worldwide downturn left its blemish on Porsche close by all car organizations. Be that as it may, being little, the effect was a lot harder on the littler Porsche. At its pinnacle, the organization sold in excess of 30,000 games vehicles in the United States alone. Lamentably, by 1992, the deals had dropped radically to a simple 4,133 vehicles in the nation. In the more than one hundred years of its tasks, the organization has figured out how to hold its serious edge notwithstanding all the issues that it has looked throughout the years. The feeling of possession felt by the workers of the organization with respect to the brand has placed it in an advantageous position throughout the years (Bloemer Lemmink, 1992). Porsche has kept on recuperating both regarding funds just as deals, well in accordance with the worldwide recuperation in the exceptional vehicle advertise (Batra, 2000). The Cayenne SUV and the Panamera have been a significant driver in this recuperation procedure and the organization is ready to accomplish twofold digit deals during the main portion of the ebb and flow year. The unpredictability that was found in the vehicle business as a rule and with Porsche specifically are presently a matter of history, with the organization ready to make up altogether for the log jam looked during the downturn. Swot Analysis Qualities: The greatest quality of Porsche keeps on being the innovative work into the building wonder that drives every vehicle to leave their premises. Porsche offers the best quality at sensible costs when contrasted and its friends. All its superior vehicles, SUVs, cars and trucks are known for their drawn out unwavering quality. The brand is known for continually enhancing itself and presenting driving innovations. Key partnerships with the other car organizations, remembering its adversaries for the business add to the quality of the product offering. A solid brand name and a dependable client base assistance help the deals of the item (Elliott, 1988), even in extremely troublesome occasions. An exceptionally talented workforce, accentuation on quality and lean creation rehearses drives the organization (Abraham, 2012) and guarantees that the organization keeps on developing with life. The organization keeps on differentiating into different sections and in this manner can tap more up to date advertise fragments, subsequently guaranteeing its benefits. The mechanical riches at Porsches removal has been a significant driver to creating world class advancements and developments found in its items. The building wonders and advancements that set the organization apart are confirm in its unwavering client base over the world. Shortcomings: The Porsche is a little organization when contrasted with a portion of its friends. The fixation on fares and top notch as opposed to a spate of acquisitions or extensions has stayed with the little in examination with its companions who have developed altogether in size. Being little in size has its focal points, nonetheless, it likewise implies that the organization can't depend on surplus assets in the midst of hardship. Brand weakening after the takeover of Volswagan (Henderson Reavis, 2009); trailed by an irreconcilable situation among officials and the executives of the two organizations has disintegrated the main concern significantly and this thus has debilitated the organization standing impressively. Openings: Extension to China and other creating markets attempts for its potential benefit. This development and fare system brings about an expanded market entrance just as the capacity to exploit the economies of scale. Funding, new acquisitions and continually expanding earnings of people give bigger markets to the brand. The worldwide system of having a similar model in all the business sectors helps grandstand the brand as being really universal (Hsieh, 2002). This outcomes one might say of pride on their ownership (Oliver Swan, 1989) from clients, hence expanding their reliable client base (Aaker, 1992). The merger with the Volswagen bunch has caused the littler Porsche to tap the huge arrangement of assets accessible with the previous. This move has likewise helped them in expanding their product offering altogether. Dangers: The merger, while not without its advantages, accompanied a few dangers too. The first is the loss of its upper hand by imparting its creative practices to Volswagen. The following danger came as the estrangement of its dependable client base, which came about because of the merger with VW. The increasing expense of crude materials, expanding operational expenses and outside business dangers represents a consistent danger to the development of the organization. The developing rivalry and the lower benefits are one more matter of grave concern (Hsieh, 2002). The continually changing administrative guidelines are likewise a significant wellspring of danger to the development of the organization. The normal CAF guidelines are a case of this danger. A significant hit to Porsche it would bring about the organization losing its piece of the overall industry in the United States completely. End The merger of Porsche and Volswagen accompanied a packaged bundle of preferences and inconveniences (Henderson Reavis, 2009). Since the organization requires critical capital ventures to guarantee its serious edge in the current economic situations of high consummation, the merger has made huge open doors for the organization (Abraham, 2012). The merger helped quality the budgetary situation of the organization and give it a strong help on which to design its future extension and development (Klepper, 2002). Following the merger with VW, Porsche is currently well prepared mind funds just as different assets that would enable the organization to keep on keeping up its strong development in the superior vehicle fragment. Proposals The continually changing mechanical advances combined with the requirement for steady development (Pauwels, Silva-Risso, Jorge, Srinivasan, Hanssens, 2004)are the soul of Porsche that have helped the organization increase extensive bit of leeway over its opponents in the business (Klepper, 2002). They have to gain by this preferred position so as to counterbalance the dangers and exploit the open doors before them. The quick globalization is driving vehicle deals in both created and creating nations (Akram, Merunka, Akram, 2011). The presentation of at any rate one increasingly worldwide vehicle in accordance with the Cayenne, yet in the moderate sized portion would be a worthwhile choice for the organization. References Aaker, D. A. (1992). The Value of Brand Equity. Diary of Business Strategy, 27-32. Abraham, S. C. (2012). Key Management for Organizations. Bridgepoint Education. Akram, A., Merunka, D., Akram, M. (2011). Seen brand universality in developing markets and the directing job of buyer ethnocentrism. Global Journal of Emerging Markets, 291-303. Batra, R. R. (2000). Impacts of brand nearby/non-neighborhood beginning on customer perspectives in creating nations. Diary of Consumer Psycholog, 83-95. Bloemer, J. M., Lemmink, J. G. (1992). The significance of consumer loyalty in clarifying brand and vendor reliability. Diary of Marketing Management, 351-363. Elliott, R. . (1988). Brands as representative assets for the development of character. Global Journal of Advertising, 131-144. Henderson, R., Reavis, C. (2009, August 25). Whats Driving Porsche? . Recovered from mitsloan.mit.edu: https://mitsloan.mit.edu/LearningEdge/CaseDocs/08-075-What's%20Driving%20Porsche.Henderson.pdf Hsieh, M. H. (2002). Distinguishing Brand Image Dimensionality and Measuring the Degree of Brand Globalization: A Cross-National Study. Diary of International Marketing, 46-67. Klepper, S. (2002). The capacities of new firms and the advancement of the US vehicle industry. Modern and Corporate Change, 645-666. Oliver, R. L., Swan, J. E. (1989). Value and Disconfirmation Perceptions as Influences on Merchant and Product Satisfaction. Diary of Consumer Research, 372-383. Pauwels, K., Silva-Risso, Jorge, Srinivasan, S., Hanssens, D. M. (2004). New Products, Sales Promotions, and Firm Value: The Case of the Automobile Industry. Diary of Marketing, 142-156. Rao, H. (1994). The Social Construction of Reputation: Certification Contests, Legitimation, and the Survival of Organizations in the American Automobile Industry: 18951912. Diary of Strategic Management, 29-44.

How to Use Wikipedia in Writing Your Academic Paper

The most effective method to Use Wikipedia in Writing Your Academic Paper Wikipedia is seemingly world’s biggest information vault, with a large number of sections on each conceivable subject. It is organized in a semi academic way and from the outset raises no uncertainty about the validity and nature of the data. Numerous understudies take the data introduced there at its presumptive worth and frequently get punished by their educating foundations. The issue is that Wikipedia is known as a ‘free encyclopedia’ implying that anybody on the planet can take a seat at their own PC and add to the general collection of data there. Here is the thing that Wikipedia says about contributing articles to it: â€Å"Just about anybody can alter practically any article at some random time, even without logging in†. Subsequently, the most concerning issue with utilizing this source is data validity. The validity of data is one of the foundations of scholastic composing †each guarantee that is being made in an article should be supported up with a proof. Such proof, thus, ought to depend on the exploration information got over the span of a scholastic request that must be acknowledged by fixed standards. Presently, returning to the ‘free encyclopedia’ there have been various situations when understudies got misinformed by utilizing data that was uninhibitedly accessible on the web. Thus, instructing foundations have boycotted this asset from trustworthy wellsprings of data, labeling it as ‘inappropriate for insightful writing’. On the off chance that your school hasn’t made an express restriction on this wellspring of data, probably there is an implicit consent to keep away from it, so twofold beware of it before starting your composition. The way that Wiki has been restricted from the scholarly world seems, by all accounts, to be awful, yet everything isn't as terrible as it might appear. You may likewise like these articles: Research Paper Research paper Help Composing a Book Report Introductory Letter Writing Service Educational plan Vitae Writing Custom Essay Writing Exposition Writing Service Ability to Use It: Look for Primary Sources Much the same as about a ‘regular’ reference book, Wiki endeavors to back up its cases with references for more prominent believability. Most by far of articles there contain a unique â€Å"References† area that is very like the â€Å"References† page of any academic passage. Be that as it may, in contrast to a perceived insightful wellspring of data, the â€Å"References† area of the ‘free encyclopedia’ contains references to different wellsprings of data, including both academic books (articles, examine and so on) and less legitimate sources like online journals, sites, discussions and so on. While doing starter inquire about for your task, you ought to have the option to handily gather some essential information by simply taking a gander at the â€Å"References† area of Wiki. It will undoubtedly give you a decent rundown of essential sources to work with. Essential sources †are those wellsprings of data that contain consequences of the genuine research, and for the most part contain all qualities of an academic bit of composing, including conceptual, writing survey, strategies, results, conversation and so forth. This is the sort of data you ought to be taking a gander at †open the references and take a gander at their edited compositions to decide if they meet your needs.â Once you find what you need, you should investigate the â€Å"References† segment of the article you are keen on and attempt to find them on the web. It will be the second cycle of the reference examination in your paper that will give you the data you will requirement for composing your paper. It frequently happens the references are made in content organization instead of the helpful hypertext group. All things considered, feel free to duplicate such data as the name of the creator, date and name of the distribution and attempt to look through it on the web. Odds are †in 8 cases out of 10 you will discover the article you need. Instructions to Cite Wikipedia On the off chance that you are composing an insightful paper, you are not permitted to refer to Wikipedia †full stop. The secret to refering to this data is refering to the genuine essential wellspring of data, however not simply the Wikipedia section. For instance, on the off chance that you are expounding on Diabetes Mellitus and need to specify the job of Statin as the trigger of Diabetes, feel free to choose the reference that remains close to the word â€Å"Statins† †you will see it has a reference to a bit of research by Sattar, Price et al. (2010). By doing so you are supporting every one of your cases with references to solid wellsprings of data. The â€Å"free online encyclopedia† is a solid wellspring of optional data and ought to be kept away from in your scholarly composition. It very well may be of colossal assistance when you are doing some fundamental research and are searching for examine results and insightful examinations that researchers did before. By basically taking a gander at the references segment of the Wiki article, you will have the option to get a decent number of solid ‘first hand’ data with steady outcomes and dependable writers. Refering to Wikipedia legitimately isn't permitted, anyway refering to essential sources is a decent workaround that will cause no complaints.

What is Gender Identity?

The human body is astounding. What's more, despite the fact that there are numerous scientists that lead concentrates on human life structures, there are such a large number of inquiries that are unanswered still right up 'til today. Yet, what we do know has helped numerous individuals and keeps on profiting certain speculations that have been made over numerous hundreds of years. One piece of the human body that has heaps of addressed and unanswered inquiries is sexual orientation personality. There are numerous elements with regards to sexual orientation personality. A few people think just: Men go about as men, ladies go about as ladies, and man to be with lady. It has been believed to be the â€Å"right way† for a long time. In any case, individuals are for the most part extraordinary and to believe that single direction is the correct way would be a misconception of how the body functions and what can befall the human body if something is off key. Sex character can be characterized as a person’s inward feeling of being male or female. Sexual orientation personality is accepted to be created during youth an impact of how the youngster was raised by guardians and cultural impacts. At the point when the kid arrives at adolescence, the impacts are strengthened by hormones. Is sexual orientation character an aftereffect of nature of sustain? What are the organic factors that assume a job in sex character? What is the distinction between how the male and female create? Does nature or support assume a greater job in sexual orientation personality? This will all be talked about later on in this paper, alongside a portion of the contentions about sexual personality and how proof from biopsychology may help settle these contentions. There are numerous jobs that have an impact in sexual separation, just as sex personality. A portion of those jobs are attached to organic components or nature but others might be connected to ecological impacts or support. It is difficult to know all the subtleties, yet we do know a lot of how the body of a male versus the body of a female. The job of organic variables is to a great extent subject to hormones in the body framework, just as qualities, gonads, chromosomes, and life systems. During youth, levels of flowing gonadal hormones are low, conceptive organs are juvenile, and guys and females vary little by and large appearance (Pinel 2009). At the point when a kid arrives at adolescence, the body rolls out huge improvements. These progressions can be seen and even heard, however these progressions are likewise unique in a kid than in a young lady. While both male and female have numerous likenesses, both additionally include numerous distinctions inside the body. The distinctions in chromosomes and hormones are what finishes the regular advancement of a youngster into a grown-up and at last chooses whether the sex of an individual is male or female during childbirth. When talking about hormones, a great many people will consider testosterone for men and estrogens for ladies. In any case, indeed, ladies produce testosterone and men produce estrogen. The thing that matters is the proportion where the body creates these two kinds of hormones. Men produce more testosterone and ladies produce more estrogen. There are numerous distinctions like the model above in the assemblages of male and female. Increments in the arrival of gonadotropic hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone cause the gonads and adrenal cortex to build their arrival of gonadal and adrenal hormones, which thusly start the development of the private parts and the advancement of auxiliary sex attributes (Pinel 2009). Alongside natural jobs, it is additionally accepted that the earth or encompassing of an individual might be a factor of sexual orientation character. A portion of these support factors incorporate one’s self-idea, social and political perspectives, and discernments and connections about others. Family, peers, tutoring, strict preparing, broad communications, and mainstream society are only a couple of the specialists through which sexual orientation socialization occurs (Crossman, 2012). Through this assessment, making an end on which has a greater amount of an effect on sexual orientation character, nature or support, is a hard choice to make. Perusing and becoming aware of accounts of people’s sexual orientation character emergency has a draw towards nature, however support despite everything has a major job in sex way of life too. Sexual orientation character shapes how we consider others and ourselves and furthermore impacts our practices (Crossman, 2012). For instance, sexual orientation contrasts exist in the probability of medication and liquor misuse, rough conduct, sadness, and forceful driving. Sexual orientation character additionally has a particularly solid impact on our emotions about our appearance and our self-perception, particularly for females (Crossman, 2012). Each of these can be connected both to organic and condition factors. The story that may have the most clear factor is the tale of the twin that lost his penis. In the wake of losing his penis to a circumcision strategy, the specialist prompted the guardians to let specialists play out a medical procedure in which they maim the kid and make a counterfeit vagina, and raising the kid as a female. The guardians concurred, yet it would later demonstrate that their kid was not acting or needing to go about as a young lady. Truth be told, the kid needed to do things that a typical man would do and checked out any female exercises, such as playing with dolls. Indeed, even with treatment, the kid despite everything created as a man would. When drawn closer with an estrogen routine at twelve years old, the kid disliking the progressions of the estrogen. At fourteen, the now youngster chose to live as a male. Soon after, the twin’s father chose to impart reality to his child. Presently the child could have a character of himself as well as of his sexual orientation. He mentioned androgen treatment and medical procedure that would expel the bosom and make a penis. The man recovered utilization of his new penis with the assistance of androgen treatment, yet was always unable to duplicate offspring of his own. At long last, the specialists and guardians couldn't change how the kid felt within. Exactly what amount of impact does sustain have on sexual orientation personality? It could simply rely upon the circumstance in itself. There are numerous contentions that encompass sexual orientation character. Scholars have concocted their own assessments and perspectives with respect to sex and the why sexual orientation disparity exist. Functionalist scholars contend that men fill instrumental jobs in the public arena while ladies fill expressive jobs, which attempts to the advantage of society (Crossman, 2012). Further, it is our socialization into recommended jobs that is the main impetus behind sex imbalance. For instance, these scholars see wage disparities as the consequence of decisions ladies make, which include family jobs that contend with their work jobs (Crossman, 2012). Emblematic interactionists take a gander at sexual orientation from the smaller scale point of view and look at sex definition on an everyday level. For instance, men are bound to intrude on ladies in discussions and their workspaces for the most part reflect more noteworthy force. These scholars additionally center around how sexual orientation jobs are disguised by guys and females (Crossman, 2012). Strife scholars see ladies as impeded as a result of intensity disparities among ladies and men that are incorporated with the social structure. For instance, from this perspective, wage imbalances that exist among people result from men’s noteworthy capacity to debase women’s work and advantage as a gathering from the administrations that women’s work gives (Crossman, 2012). Women's activist hypothesis rose out of the women’s development and means to comprehend the situation of ladies in the public eye for the sole reason for improving their situation in the public arena. There are four significant systems that have created out of women's activist hypothesis: liberal woman's rights, communist women's liberation, radical woman's rights, and multiracial woman's rights. Individuals will consistently have their own conclusion about sexual orientation (Crossman, 2012). There may never be an approach to illuminate these contentions, not until there is logical verification or individuals can choose which supposition they accept is all evident. Sexual orientation personality is one’s feeling of being male or female. Both organic (nature) variables and condition (support) impacts assume jobs in both sexual separation and sex character. Hormones are the greatest organic factor and the greatest condition impact is the way one is raised in their adolescence. During the assessment, I have considered nature being to a greater extent a factor with regards to sexual orientation personality, yet have arrived at the resolution that it might rely upon the circumstance of an individual. During that time of research, numerous individuals have contended over sex character and sexual orientation imbalance. Scholars have framed numerous suppositions encompassing sexual orientation character and except if there is a logical verification the contention may proceed. References Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Crossman, A. (2012). About.com. Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Disciplines/a/Sociology-Of-Gender.htm

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Tort Law - Essay Example It ought to be found as in, the most courts don't stamp out the limits of obligation that constrains the respondent duty. What they in some cases do is ensuring the interests of the person who supposedly has endured a misfortune. Notwithstanding, it is likewise significant for the courts to have the option to restrict the defendant’s obligations on account of the issues emerging due to â€Å"floodgates†. Furthermore, here and there the courts treat certain gatherings of litigants mercifully through restricting their liabilities in a portion of the cases 1 Then again, the courts can choose to draw a line checking out the obligation limits to secure the enthusiasm just as giving out pay to the people who have experienced anguish and injury. This demonstration of reasonableness is viewed as the significant points of tort law. Restrictions put on the litigants obligations go about as an essential need to forestall a circumstance wherein incalculable, conceivably questionable or misleading, claims that are against the tortfeasor. The arrangements that confine the limits of obligation attempt to guarantee equity and sensible remuneration to the person in question. This is managed without presenting the inquirers to a given level that the person may get enticed and the respondents to such a hard work, that would be because of absence of approaches and point of reference. Numerous endeavors have been there to help in building up the limits on the job, for example, Dongue v Stephenson that has experienced turn of events, to all the more as of late the Caparo test that expresses that the demonstration or exclusion must be predictable, just and proximate, reasonable and sensible so as to have a consideration of obligation. This case was vital to the arrangement of obligation of care, which was which was a significant idea that restricted the duty by sketching out the possibility of a sensible man. The Capro test developed from this case, and it is turning out to be certain that numerous courts are endeavoring to litigants duties. Another case

Caregiver Stress From Caring for Someone with PTSD

Caregiver Stress From Caring for Someone with PTSD PTSD Coping Print Stress From Supporting Someone With PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 09, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Stress Associated With Support What Is Caregiver Burden? Studies on Caregiver Burden Prevention How to Cope Final Note on Caring for a Loved One With PTSD View All The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can reach far beyond the individual with PTSD, affecting the lives of friends and family caring for someone with PTSD. How can you recognize and cope with this stress as a caregiver for a loved one with PTSD? Stress Associated With Support Receiving support from others is very important during times of stress. Seeking support from another person is a healthy and effective way of dealing with a stressful event. During times of stress, people often turn to their loved ones first for support. It is important to realize that providing support requires energy and can be stressful. Watching a partner or spouse struggle with a problem can be upsetting and stressful. In many cases, it is possible to provide support without getting personally overwhelmed. However, when the stress is constant and support is frequently needed, caregiver burden may occur. What Is Caregiver Burden? PTSD can be viewed as a chronic illness, and the person with PTSD may require constant care from a loved one, such as a partner, parent, or another family member. Partners of people with PTSD may be faced with a number of stressors that go along with caring for and living with someone with a chronic disease. These stressors include financial strain, managing the persons symptoms, dealing with crises, the loss of friends or the loss of intimacy. Due to a loved ones illness, partners may be the only people who can take care of such stressors. This puts a large burden on them, and as a result, they may experience tremendous strain and stress, or caregiver burden. Studies on Caregiver Burden A few studies have looked at caregiver burden among partners caring for loved ones with PTSD. A brief discussion of two of these studies is provided below. In one study, researchers looked at 154 spouses of veterans with PTSD. They found that the severity of the veterans PTSD symptoms was connected to the amount of caregiver burden and distress experienced by the spouse.?? In other words, as a spouses PTSD symptoms got worse, so did the caregivers amount of burden and distress. Researchers have also looked at how PTSD symptoms such as depression, anger, and violence play out in relationships with PTSD patients and their caregivers. There may be a connection between how much detail about the trauma is shared with a partner?? but more research is needed to better understand the issues. Mental Health of Caregivers Studies looking at the wives of combat veterans have found that this stress can have damaging consequences psychologically. Among wives of combat veterans with PTSD, there was an increased risk not only of PTSD, but somatic disease, clinical depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and an increased level of suicidality.?? Prevention It is important that caregivers have basic information about PTSD. Simply knowing the symptoms of PTSD and where they come from, can help caregivers gain a better understanding of their loved ones diagnosis and behavior. Mental health professionals recognize the stress that comes with caring for a loved one with PTSD. Caregivers may also benefit from attending individual therapy or support groups to find support for themselves, and to learn how to cope better with their loved ones PTSD. Couples counseling may also be useful. Recently, online support groups have popped up, giving caregivers the opportunity to talk 24/7 with other caregivers of people with PTSD. As with any support group, its important to know that while many of these provide excellent support, some groups can actually make you feel more depressed. If you choose to go online, make sure to connect with people who share your challenges but support you in coping. How to Cope Unfortunately, despite the significant impact of PTSD on family and friends, remarkably little research has looked at methods of helping caregivers cope with this stress. In addition, most of the research is dated and focuses on the incidence of caregiver burden rather than any effort to look at ways of reducing the burden. Not only is the health of caregivers important and worthy of more research, but these caregivers are also the primary source of support needed by those living with PTSD.?? Until more is known, caregivers of people living with PTSD may wish to look at ways that caregivers of those with other conditions such as dementia and cancer have coped with their challenge. Final Note on Caring for a Loved One With PTSD Caregivers may feel guilty if they take time for themselves; however, it is important for caregivers to realize that they too need time to recharge their batteries. Living with and caring for someone with PTSD is stressful. Unlike some conditions which are short-term, PTSD is a chronic condition that can feel unending at times. It is a marathon rather than a sprint, and as in a marathon, its important for caregivers to pace themselves and take time to rest. The more a caregiver can learn how to care for themselves, the better they will be able to care for others. Some of these simple tips for caregivers of cancer patients pertain just as much to caregivers of people with PTSD. Hopefully, the stress impact on caregivers of people with PTSD will be studied more carefully in the near future, not just to document the presence of stress, but to look for ways in which caregivers can best cope.

How to Mow the Lawn - Free Essay Example

Daniel Harding Tina Hultgren English 103 September 2, 2010 Manual for Yard Domination Have you ever woken up on a beautiful Sunday morning only to find that your yard has grown completely out of control? Well don’t fret, this paper will guide you through the steps required to have your lawn look like you’ve been mowing your whole life. Having the skills to conquer any yard will make you a star in the field of landscaping worldwide. By mastering the strategies contained within these lines you, too, can be the Master of the Yard. The key sections of a good mow job are, preparing the equipment, the cutting of the grass, and inspection and clean-up. Let’s take a look at how to first prepare your mower for the task at hand. The first thing you will want to do is to buy a mower. You can find a good lawn mower at any home and garden center or outdoor superstore. Now when it comes to what kind of mower to have for the job, if your lawn is of large size with a lot of open grass areas it would be wise to get a riding lawnmower that will save time and effort in the mowing. However, most lawns tend to be of manageable size and could have obstacles in the path of mowing, for this a normal walk-behind mower will do just fine, since it is much more maneuverable than a large riding lawnmower. Walk behinds will be the central focus of discussion because they are much more common. After you have the right mower for your specific lawn the next step is to ready it for mowing. You will want to check the fluids in the mower especially if you did actually just buy it, otherwise you will want to check the oil level and cleanliness every 3 months, changing it or topping it off when necessary. Most mowers have a short dipstick located on top of the engine in a corner. It is necessary to check the level of gasoline in the fuel tank every time you mow. Depending on your specific model of mower, you may be required to combine the oil and the gasoline together in a certain ratio before putting them into the tank. However, this is rare for lawnmowers and probably won’t be the case with yours. It is good the keep a gas can of at least 2 gallons with a sealed cap near the mower for when it needs to be refilled. You should also make a habit of refueling the lawnmower every time you use it. When filling a small fuel tank such as a lawnmower, it can be very easy to overfill and spill flammable gasoline all over the mower. To avoid this it is wise to listen to the sound of the gasoline pouring into the tank, as the pitch of the sound increases, it means there is becoming less air in the tank for the sound the reverberate off of, and therefore, means there is more and more gasoline in the tank. When the sound begins to increase exponentially, it means the tank is very close to full. At this point you should either stop filling the tank or dramatically reduce the rate you are pouring to avoid overfilling. Once the mower is gassed up and the oil is topped off, you are ready to do your pre-check of the yard. Simply walk throughout the area you are going to mow, checking for objects such as rocks, branches, large roots sticking out of the ground, items lying around the yard, or any other objects that will be a danger to run over by the mower. Once the yard is clear you ready to start your mowing. The most important part of the job is the mowing itself. But before you get down to business, most mowers will require that the engine be primed. Priming in pushing in on a little dome shaped button with a hole in the middle know as a primer. It should be pushed three to five times in order to be effective. When a mower sits without running for even a small amount of time, gasoline naturally empties out of the fuel lines due to gravity, this can make it quite difficult to start the mower. What priming does is it forces gasoline into the fuel lines, requiring much less effort to get the mower running. Now it is time to start the mower, position yourself behind the mower with your left foot forward and your right foot behind you for optimum balance. To start the mower, you will first need to hold down the fuel cut-off bar in order for the engine to run. When pulling the cord, it is good to provide a strong full stroke in order to have to best chance of the mower starting. What pulling the cord does is it starts the crankshaft of the motor into motion and from there the normal cycles of the engine take over to keep the mower running. Most mowers are equip with a drive system that reduces the effort required to maneuver the mower around the yard. This will come in either an always-on form, meaning if the mower is running the wheels are spinning, otherwise, it will require you to also hold some kind of switch or pull-bar to activate the drive system. Now its time to get down to business. When mowing the lawn, it is good to have some kind of pre-thought-out pattern in order to avoid running over the same areas twice. This pattern may be either diagonally across the yard, horizontally, vertically, or even is a spiral toward the center. A custom pattern may be necessary depending on the size or unique shape of your lawn. No matter what you pattern of choice, it is good to alternate the pattern you use every month or so. This will avoid marks to your yard caused by the mower running over the exact same areas every time you mow. Using a pattern that utilizes many straight-aways and few turns will make you your mowing more efficient by conserving time and gas. If your mower has a guard on the side instead of an attached bag for clippings, you will need to be aware of where you clippings are ending up. Especially with spiral patterns, there is a risk of running over the area where your last pass’s clippings were disposed and moving them to your next pass’s path. This will cause a buildup in the amount of grass the mower is taking on during each pass. Smart planning in the design of your pattern can make this a non-issue. Another problem that may arise is too wet of grass. This will occur if you are mowing after it has recently rained or if condensation has left dew on the grass. Wet grass will stick to the inside of the blade guard, this will create a buildup causing the mower to be overworked and reducing the overall cutting ability. Therefore, it is wise to mow during a time when the grass is dry. Once you have completed your yard, you will want to quickly inspect it for areas you may have missed, taking care of them if you find any. Then store your mower in some covered area such as a garage, shed, or even just under a tarp. This will keep it out of the rain and dry, because an engine that is wet will rust and develop all kinds of problems. Most people think that mowing is a simple, menial task that doesn’t require any thought. But as you see, having the know-how to mow your lawn correctly and efficiently can make your mowing experience breezy and easy. By buying the right mower, keeping the fluids in check, choosing an efficient pattern, and taking good care of your lawn mower, you can assure that your lawn will be the best looking on the block.

Essay about Symbolism Anaylsis Parkers Back - 1291 Words

Life is not something simple as we often prefer. There are many different approaches and in most instances we will not find the desired fulfillment in any of them. In the short story â€Å"Parkers Back† written by Flannery O’Connor we have a multi-faceted view into the life of the primary character O.E. Parker. In addition we see into the life of Sarah Ruth, Parker’s wife and possibly into the life of author Flannery O’Connor, who died shortly after completing this short story. The characters in this story deal with Tattoos from totally different perspectives and get completely different results. Tattoos are the focal point of the story and prominent on many occasions. Without purpose in life people often make bad decisions which impact the†¦show more content†¦It appears he is trying to hide behind all the tattoos so no one will focus on him. They are like battle scars to him and he knows the story of each in exacting detail even though they have no significant meaning to any other person. Parker is very frustrated because of his wife’s inability or unwillingness to see him as he sees himself. He is continually running away from his problems with the final destination being a Tattoo parlor and some more liquor to help wash his problems away. His wife finds the tattoos disgusting and doesn’t even want to see his body in the light because of them. He struggles to understand why she dislikes them and even wonders why she married him. How many times do we want the world to see us through our eyes instead of viewing and accepting actuality? Parker’s struggles in life never lead him to peace. Any relief he receives is for only a brief period. He is always trying to discover another way to please his wife and always makes the wrong decision. The accident on the tractor should have been a wakeup call to him. He came very close to losing his life. He was tried by fire as the tractor overturned and burned, catchi ng the tree on fire also. He lay on the ground with his shoes on fire but again made a bad decision. His decision would carry him farther away from where he should be and increase the division between him and Sarah Ruth. Sarah Ruth, his wife, at the same time, is struggling with her own set of

Essay on The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging - 1680 Words

The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging I lost my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I really am getting old. This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches old age. Studies†¦show more content†¦(1). Therefore, once one sees something else or takes part in a new conversation is it difficult to remember all of the details from the one before. Declarative memory includes remembering facts one has used effort to learn in the past, and things one has tried to remember. The last part of memory, procedural memory, consists of everything one has learned by repetition, such as playing an instrument or sport, driving a car, or walking. The brain is dividing into several sections, including the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, and the temporal lobe, among others. The temporal lobe exists in two parts, one on each side of the brain close to the ears. It is largely responsible for the memory system (2). On the medial surface of the temporal lobe there are three important structure that are essential for human functioning. These structures are named, in order from rostral to caudal, the olfactory cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus. Together these three structures are referred to as the limbic system (1). Their functions became understood after studying how the brain functions upon loss of each structure. For example, in 1953, a patient suffering from epilepsy underwent surgery which removed most of his medial temporal lobe (1). After the surgery, the patient was able to remember who he was and was able to carry out coherent, intelligent conversations. However, if the person with whom he was talking left the ro om, he would have noShow MoreRelatedPromising Treatment for Alzheimers Disease Essay566 Words   |  3 Pageslinked to chromatin inactivation(14, 16). This relaxes the chromatin structure and allows transcription factors to interact with their target DNA.(10) Histone acetylation is an important mechanism for memory formation.(17, 18) Recent studies suggest that specific HATs and HDACs are required for memory formation and learning ability in severe neurodegeneration(13). Postmortem studies of AD patients have shown increased HDAC within the hippocampus(19) and lower acetylation over temporal lobe (20). 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Recent studies reveal that humans with a history  of  exposure to extreme trauma and who develop post-traumatic  stress  disorder (PTSD), with its associated nightmares, intrusive memories, avoidance  of  reminders  of  the trauma, sleep disturbance, hypervigilance, and other symptoms, have changes in actual brain structure and function (B remner, 2005). Research shows the brain areas gradually chandge due to stress including the hippocampus

General Douglas Macarthurs Farewell Address to Congress...

Introduction General Douglas Macarthur was one of the most well known military figures in the history of the United States. He gave his farewell speech to congress on 19th April 1951 and went into retirement after 52 years of service in the United States army. He was given the chance to address his final message to the US government. This analysis carefully examines his ethics, goals, strategies, strengths and weaknesses. The speech is very famous and highly popular among the American audience. Therefore, we will take into account all factors to critically evaluate the speech and find out what makes it important. Historical Background Douglas Macarthur was born on 26th January 1880, in Little Rock, Arkansas to General Arthur Macarthur†¦show more content†¦During the Great Depression, he used force against World War 1 veterans and was highly criticized for his action (Simkin). In 1937, he retired from US Army and took up the position as the field marshal and director of national defense in Philippines offered to him by the Philippine government. In 1941, President Roosevelt recruited him to return to his duty in the US army and he was appointed as the Commander of US Army Forces in the Far East to defend Philippine against the Japanese attacks. He was unable to protect Philippines and he was directed to escape to Australia, where he became the supreme commander of Southwest Pacific theatre. Unhappy with his defeat in the Philippines, he began to plan his counterattacks towards Japan and slowly took over all of New Guinea, the Admiralties, western New Britain, and Morotai. Japanese surrendered in 1945 and he was sent to Japan to occupy it until 1951. The Korean War broke out in 1950 and he was appointed as the supreme commander of the Allied Powers. However, in 1951, President Truman and General Macarthur had conflicting policies for Korea and the President relieved him from his duties. In April 1951, he gave his farewell speech to the Congress (Gale Research). Goals of the Speaker The purpose of this speech is meant for General Douglas Macarthur to say farewell to his contemporaries and fellow soldiers and his military career. He was given the chance to voice his

The Effect Of Mobile And Wireless Communication On The...

Introduction Information and communication has been changing rapidly during the past decades, and such changes will be affecting the society for the next five years. One effect is on individual lifestyles and this includes an increase of mobile usage and social network consumption. The changes also enable the appearance of cloud technology and the utilization of data management called big data. Another effect that is placed in a classroom. The classroom in the 21st century is virtual and allows stakeholders include students and teachers to access courses through online devices. Lin, H., Wang, Y., Li, C. (2016). Mobile learning has become more and more important in the educational context because the rapid advance and the popularity†¦show more content†¦Nowadays, students are able to access online learning through internet technology, available time, and resources. This collaborative system allows student groups interacting of learning, sharing and enabling learning eval uation. In terms of Thailand, the Thai government has the policy to support the use of technology in the education system. It is believed that technology increases students potential. To achieve this, teachers should apply more technology in classes. Therefore, The aim of this study is to improve higher students’ critical thinking skills with the utilization of the changes in the information and communication technology. To achieve this objective, the initial step of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of learning in a borderless classroom. The borderless classroom will be used as an alternative instrument which a lecturer can use to distribute learnings and/or lessons. Research Question 1. Study the borderless classroom: a modern collaborative learning model to enhance higher education students’ critical thinking skills. 2. Study the students’ satisfaction towards borderless classroom: a modern collaborative learning model. Rationale The progress of technology had improved digital technology and wireless network. They resulted in the expansion of mobile phones and portable computers have improved. The student could learned outside the

Domestic Violence Against Women Free Essays

Domestic abuse against women In her news article, the spokesperson for amnesty international describes domestic violence as a worldwide phenomenon that violates the human rights of female victims (Mite, 2005). In addition, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) described violence against women as â€Å"a global epidemic that kills, tortures, and maims – physically, psychologically, sexually and economically. It is one of the most pervasive of human rights violations, denying women and girls equality, security, dignity, self-worth, and their right to enjoy fundamental freedoms† (UNICEF, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Violence Against Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now I agree with the above assertions because violence against women is so rampant and it happens in all spheres of life, be it in homes, work places, on the streets, learning institutions, and during moments of war and peace alike. Because of the pervasiveness of domestic violence against women and its devastating physical and psychological effects, my paper will be focusing on domestic violence against women in Canada. I believe that domestic abuse against women should be eradicated in this twenty-first century because it breeds psychic disempowerment, mental distress, and affects women’s health, wellness and self esteem. The question that this paper will address is the following: what resources should be made available to support female victims of domestic violence who are currently living with an abusive partner, or have recently left an abusive relationship? The paper will begin with a definition of domestic violence, followed by a discussion of resources and the nursing role. According to Etter and Birzer (2007), domestic violence occurs when a partner or former partner inflicts physical harm on someone with whom they have or previously had an intimate relationship. This physical harm can result in major or minor injury, and can be inflicted with or without a weapon. Researchers have identified supportive counseling as beneficial to female victims of domestic violence (Madoc-Jones Roscoe, 2010; McNamara, Tamanini, Pelletier-Walker, 2008). The emotional support that counseling offers can help female victims of domestic violence identify trengths and assets that they may not have been aware they possessed because their partners’ criticisms may have left them feeling worthless and feeling incapable of taking action to alter their circumstances. Working with a counselor would enable the women to develop a healthy self-image, become aware of their resilience and personal strength, and they may begin to see themselves as survivors of domestic violence as opposed to victims. By becoming aware of their strengths, women may begin to feel empowered and capable of mobilizing their personal resources to take steps towards leaving the abusive relationship. Counseling can also provide female victims of domestic violence with an opportunity to reduce their feelings of self-blame for the abuse they receive when they are made aware of the prevalence of domestic violence and the factors that contribute to it, such as patriarchal social structures, income differentials between men and women, and cultural norms that condone the use of physical aggression against women. This knowledge would help reduce their feelings of isolation and blame because they would understand that they are not alone in their experience of domestic violence. Because of the economic dependency of women on their abusers (Sanders, Weaver, Schnabel, 2007), the social structure has placed women on the receiving end by keeping them down economically through lower wages and less opportunities for employment (Sanders, Weaver, Schnabel, 2007). As a result, it can be argued that belonging to a low income group and economic dependence, among other factors, may be linked to higher rates of spousal assault against women. Many low income female victims of domestic violence are at a high risk of developing psychological problems such as depression, stress, and low self esteem (Hare, 2010). They are also emotionally attached to the abuser to the extent that they cannot leave a relationship for fear of being left alone in a wretched economic situation (Hare, 2010). As a result, some may be worried about child support and financial assistance, and others may be afraid of the threats of retaliation and abduction of children by the abuser. Given that economic dependence is significant in domestic abuse, there is a need for victims to create their own economic independence. In this way, women would no longer look at men as the sole bread winners of the family or providers of childcare and financial ssistance, and they would be able to support themselves financially if they were to leave their abusive partners. To implement the above, the government needs to provide access to job training and education geared towards female victims of domestic violence. This could serve as a fundamental tool that dismantles a vicious cycle of oppression, abuse and poverty of women. Given that the nursing profession plays an important role in public health, nurses can use their skills to advocate on behalf of the abused by creating awareness about the impact of domestic violence against women. Advocacy could also involve referrals to resources for women, such as counseling services and shelters for women leaving abusive partners, as well as providing victims with information about how to protect themselves against abuse, helping them develop a safety plan, and helping to reduce their feelings of self-blame and shame by highlighting the pervasiveness of domestic violence. This paper identified some of the resources that would provide support and assistance to female victims of domestic violence, such as economic support and counseling. The importance of economic support cannot be overlooked because financial independence can lead to improvements in psychological health and well-being, and creates the material means through which these women can escape from an abusive relationship. In addition, counseling can reduce women’s isolation, self-blame, and help them identify their assets and personal resources, which can boost their self-confidence and provide them with the strength to leave the abuser. How to cite Domestic Violence Against Women, Essay examples

Report on Avatar Movie free essay sample

- Contents INTRODUCTION3 ?CAST OF THE MOVIE:4 ?FILIMING:5 ?VISUAL EFFECTS:5 ?ACCOLADES:6 ?CRITICAL RECEPTION:6 SUMMARY7 REFERENCES8 INTRODUCTION Avatar  is a 2009 American epic  science fiction  film written and directed by  James Cameron, and starring  Sam Worthington,  Zoe Saldana,  Stephen Lang,  Michelle Rodriguez,  Joel David Moore,  Giovanni Ribisi  and  Sigourney Weaver. The film is set in  2154, when humans are mining a precious mineral called  unobtanium  on  Pandora, a lush  moon of a  gas giant  in the  Alpha Centauri  star system. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of  Navi—a  humanoid  species indigenous to Pandora. The films title refers to the  genetically engineered Navi-human hybrid bodies used by a team of researchers to interact with the natives of Pandora. Development on  Avatar  began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80-page  scriptment  for the film. Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Camerons 1997 film  Titanic, for a planned release in 1999,  but according to Cameron, the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film. Work on  the language  for the films  extraterrestrial beings  began in summer 2005, and Cameron began developing the screenplay and  fictional universe  in early 2006. Avatar  was officially budgeted at $237  million. Other estimates put the cost between $280  million and $310  million for production and at $150  million for promotion. The film was released for traditional 2-D viewing,  3-D  viewing (using the  RealD3D,  Dolby 3D,  XpanD 3D, and  IMAX 3Dformats), and 4-D† viewing. The stereoscopic  filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in inematic technology. Avatar  premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was internationally released on December 16 and in the United States and Canada on December 18, to critical acclaim  and commercial success. The film broke several box office records during its release and became the  highest-grossing film  of all time  in the U. S. and Canada  and also worldwide, surpassing  Titanic, which had held the records for the previous 12 years. It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion. Avatar  was nominated for nine  Academy Awards, including  Best Picture  and  Best Director,  and won three, for  Best Cinematography,  Best Visual Effects, and  Best Art Direction. The films home release went on to break opening sales records and became the top-selling  Blu-ray  of all time. Following the films success, Cameron signed with  20th Century Fox  to produce two sequels, making  Avatar  the first of a planned  trilogy. * CAST OF THE MOVIE: * Sam Worthington as Corporal Jake Sully. Sully is a disabled  former Marine and the films main protagonist. He becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed. His military background helps the Navi warriors relate to him. Cameron cast the Australian actor after a worldwide search for promising young actors, preferring relative unknowns to keep the budget down * Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch. Quaritch is the head of the mining operations security detail and the films main antagonist. Fiercely loyal to his military code, he has a profound disregard for Pandoras inhabitants that is evident in both his actions and his language. Lang had unsuccessfully auditioned for a role in Camerons  Aliens  (1986), but the director remembered Lang and sought him for  Avatar. Sigourney Weaver  as Dr. Grace Augustine. Augustine is an  exbiologist  and head of the Avatar Program. She mentors Sully and is an advocate of peaceful relations with the Navi, having set up a school to teach them English. * Michelle Rodriguez  as Trudy Chacon. Chacon is a combat pilot assigned to support the Avatar Program who is sympathetic to the Navi. Cameron had wanted to work with Rodriguez since seeing her in  Girl fight. * Giovanni Ribisi  as Parker Selfridge. Selfridge is the corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation. While he is at first willing to destroy Naavi civilization to preserve the companys  bottom ine, he is reluctant to authorize the attacks on the Navi, doing so only after Quaritch persuades him that it is necessary, and the attacks will be humane. * Joel David Moore  as Dr. Norm Spellman. Spellman is a xenoanthropologist  who studies plant and animal life as part of the Avatar Program. He arrives on Pandora at the same time as Sully and operates an avatar. Although he is expected to lead the diplomatic contact with the Navi, it turns out that Jake has the personality better suited to win the natives respect. * Zoe Saldana  as Neytiri, the daughter of the leader of the Omaticaya, the Navi clan central to the story. She is attracted to Jake because of his bravery, though frustrated with him for what she sees as his naivete and stupidity. She serves as both the films main Navi protagonist and Jakes love interest. The character, like all the Navi, was created using performance capture, and its visual aspect is entirely computer generated. Saldana has also signed on for potential sequels. * FILIMING: Principal photography  for  Avatar  began in April 2007 in  Los Angeles  and  Wellington,  New Zealand. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-action shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live environments. Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which theyre looking at, Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film. The live action was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D  Fusion Camera System, developed by Cameron and Vince Pace. In January 200 7, Fox had announced that  3-D  filming for  Avatar  would be done at 24 frames per second despite Camerons strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher  frame rate  to make  strobing  less noticeable. According to Cameron, the film is composed of 60% computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as traditional  miniatures. * VISUAL EFFECTS: A number of innovative  visual effects  techniques were used in the production of  Avatar. According to Cameron, work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the film. The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer-generated characters, created using new  motion-capture  animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 2006. Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandoras jungle, a  motion-capture stage  or volume six times larger than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressions, enabling full  performance capture. To achieve the face capturing, actors wore individually made  skull caps  fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front of the actors faces; the information collected about their facial expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers. According to Cameron, the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors physical performances to their digital counterparts. Besides the performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers, numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance. A technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form, and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them. * ACCOLADES: NAME OF THE AWARD WON| AWARD WINNING CATEGORIES| ACADEMY AWARD| Art Direction, Cinematography, Visual effects. 67th GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS| Best Motion Picture Drama, Best Director, Production Design and Visual effects. | BRITISH ACADEMY OF FILM ARTS| Production Design and Special visual effects| * CRITICAL RECEPTION: 1. Armond White  of the  New York Press  wrote that Cameron used villainous American characters to misrepresent facets of  militarism,  capitalism, and  imperialism  Evo Morales,  Bolivias first indigenous president, praised the film for its profound show of resistance to capitalism and the struggle for the defence of nature†. . Adam Cohen  of  The New York Times  was more positive about the film, calling its  anti-imperialist  message a 22nd-century version of the  American colonists vs. the British,  India  vs. the Raj, or  Latin America  vs. United Fruit. 3. Ross Douthat  of  The New York Times opined that the film is Camerons long  apologia  for  pantheism   Hollywoods religion of choice for a generation now†, while Saritha Prabhu of  The Tennessean  called the film a misportrayal of pantheism and  Eastern spirituality  in general. . Annalee Newitz  of  io9  concluded that  Avatar  is another film that has the recurring fantasy about race whereby some white guy becomes the most awesome member of a non-white culture. SUMMARY Every coin has two faces . The same way, Avatar has also got some positive and negative points in it. But if we see the hard work that has be en put into the movie by the director of the movie James Cameron is tremendous he tried to make this movie a big hit compared to his other movie Titanic. The work that is done behind the screen can be seen on the screen also mainly in some scenes of the movie like the floating mountains, waterfalls and different creatures  may be they are all part of visual effects but still it takes lot of effort to put into it. Apart from many struggles the crew has undergone during the making of the movie, their hard work was fruitful that’s why they won so many awards. Avatar is a complete entertainer according to me that’s why it became part of my work. REFERENCES 1. Google 2. www. rottentomatoes. com 3. Wikipedia on Avatar

Jeanne La Pucelle (Joan The Ma Essay Example For Students

Jeanne La Pucelle (Joan The Ma Essay 1412, it is in the last half-century of the Hundred Years War in whichthe French attempted to attain freedom from English rule by fighting toeradicate English strongholds. An unusually strong, healthy, andpossibly clairvoyant girl is born to Isabelle Rome and Jacques dArc inthe small village of Domremy, France. Her mother is from the town ofVouthon, which is west of Domremy. Her surname concurs that either sheor a family member has visited Rome. Her father was born in a villagecalled Ceffonds in the province of Champagne. His last name indicates aconnection with Arc-en-Barrois, a small town fifty kilometers north ofCeffonds. She had a somewhat wealthy family as you can tell from theirhome with a stone construction. You can still visit her home today. Ithas since been used as a wine cellar, a wine press, and a stable. Shewas one of five children: Jacques, Catherine, Jean, Joan, and Pierre. Their wealth came from their farming of wheat, flax, beet hemp, andcolza. They also bred livesto ck, spun wool and tow, and kneaded theirown bread. She was baptized by Jean Minet in the Church of St. Remy. She is admired by patriots, womens rights activists, paranormalinvestigators, and playwrights. The woman I am talking about is commonly known as Joan of Arc. When Joan was 13 she began to see visions and hear voices who she laterdetermined to be Saints Catherine, Margaret, and Michael. Theyconvinced her that she was chosen by God to help the dauphin, CharlesVII free France and take his seat in the throne. At age 17 in 1429 shegained access to the King through the military commander in Vaucoulaurs. Charles was desperate because the English had captured almost half ofFrance including Paris. When Joan told him of her visions of the Saintshe was doubtful so he set up two tests for her. In the first hedisguised himself as a courtier, but she pointed him out immediately. For the second test he asked her what he prayed to God for the nightbefore she arrived; she told him exactly. Some of the clergy believedher to be Satanic, but Joan was approved. Charles fitted her with armorand gave her command of the military. Soon after she set out to freeOrleans from a brutal siege. The other French commanders hesitantlyfollowed orders, but soon they obeyed her whole-heartedly. Under Joanscommand the siege was broken after only ten days and the English fled. She was given the everlasting title The Maid of Orleans. Joanconvinced Charles to undergo a formal coronation in the Cathedral atReims. While escorting Charles, Joan and her army won several battleswith the British along the way. She was at his side when Charles tookthe throne on July, 17 1429. During a minor battle in September, 1429 where Joan tried to freeParis, she was injured. Eight months later she was captured by a troopof Burgundians who wished to sell her for ransom. Instead she was soldto the English for a lot of money. The English believed her rumoredvisions Satanic so they tried her on accusations of witchcraft andheresy. Despite constant badgering she never swayed from her beliefthat her visions her from God. A French clergy sympathetic to theEnglish convicted and sentenced Joan to death. On May, 30 1431 in thetown square at Rouen she was burned at the stake. Due to her bravery indeath people thought they had witnessed martyrdom of a Saint. Much toher familys regret she was not allowed a Christian burial as her asheswere thrown into the Seine River. .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f , .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .postImageUrl , .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f , .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:hover , .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:visited , .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:active { border:0!important; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:active , .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc1ae3eb1497e9b7ef2cd7f7effba58f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Awakening Essay PaperIn 1455 Joans family requested a retrial for her and a hearing wasgranted by Pope Callistus III. One year later she was found innocent. Joan was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1909, and in 1920 she was canonizedas a Saint. You can celebrate her feast day on May 30. Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was neither a witch nor a saint, butby curious circumstances her life and death fulfilled the requirementsof both. -From Jeanne La Pucelle and The Dying God by James L. Matterer

Discussion the meaning of the word of God as treated in the Old and New Testaments

Effect of tax on Vietnamese hangers

Effect of tax on Vietnamese hangers Introduction The U.S. government is very clear on the affirmative final determination on antidumping duty order on steel wire garment hangers from Vietnam. Although the legislation became effective on February 5, 2013, the act was published on December 26, 2012. The products affected include steel wire garment hangers that are fabricated, galvanized, painted, coated with epoxy or latex, and those fashioned with paper covers among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of tax on Vietnamese hangers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This action was taken because the government of Vietnam had highly subsidized the manufacturing process of hangers thereby making the hangers from Vietnam cheap and affordable as compared to the products manufactured from the local market in U.S. The U.S. government felt that Vietnam was dumping her hangers in the U.S. market. Effects of the Duty Six months before the publication of t he affirmative final determination, the government had imposed temporary duties on the affected products (CNN 1). The publication of the act means that the duties of one hundred and eighty-seven percent imposed on the products are permanent from the effective date i.e. February 5, 2013. It is clear that Vietnam is the top exporter of wire hangers. However, the antidumping duties did not affect the wooden hangers that are manufactured by Vietnam in large amounts (CNN 1). The effects of the duty have already been felt in the U.S. and other parts of the world. To begin with, the duty imposed on the hangers forced the wholesale prices of the hangers to rise. Dry cleaning companies experienced a ten to fifteen percent increase in the price of the affected goods. For instance, initially, forty dollars would help a businessperson acquire five hundred hangers. However, that has changed since the same amount of money gives the businessperson half the amount of goods. The drycleaners effectiv ely passed over the same to the consumers thereby increasing the overall charge on consumers by an average margin of two percent. This has seen customers reduce the amount they spent on dry cleaning. The companies currently receive half the total revenue they used to receive due to reduced quantity of work. The sharp increase in prices has forced some dry cleaning companies to close down. This could also be attributed to the fact that some manufacturing companies have diverted their businesses to other business lines (O’Brien 57). This hurts the U.S. economy since job opportunities are lost as they are created in other markets such as Cambodia.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The people who were working in the firms have to look for work elsewhere. In the process, the government was losing revenue through taxes. High prices have ultimately reduced profits ma de by dry cleaning firms to a level of making just enough money to pay the recurrent bills and rent. When people get more income, they are likely to spend more through their disposable income or the amount kept aside for investment. The government encourages investments from the private sector. For instance, when an entrepreneur quits a government job to begin private business, the merits accrued from such an action are not enjoyed when they close down following high prices arising from government tax. The impact of the duties is clearly indicated when beneficial projects are no longer beneficial. Some dry cleaning shops have closed down yet the remaining ones do not feel the positive impact. Conclusion The analysis of this duty shows that the only winners are the foreign governments such as Cambodia who have benefited when other manufacturing companies relocated. Other countries other than the U.S. received new investors hence began to enjoy the advantages that accompanied the U.S. affirmative final determination. The other groups are all losers including the governments U.S., and Vietnam, the dry cleaning companies, the entrepreneurs, and the employees. CNN, Money. Trade penalties squeeze US dry cleaners, New York: CNN Money journal, 2012. Print. O’Brien, Hubbart, Macroeconomics, New York: Pearson Publishers, 2012. Print.

Critical Thinking Paper Draft and Self-evaluation Essay

Critical Thinking Paper Draft and Self-evaluation - Essay Example I am completely motivated and geared up to stop smoking, I remember I smoked for the very first time when I was young and I knew nothing about the damage which smoking could cause, I got to know about the damage only later on and I have been trying hard to quit but the temptation always lingers on and it is quite hard to stop it but this time around I am going to do it and I have already been quite successful. I do not even remember the last time that I smoked and this I think is really a big achievement for me and I am going to carry on and completely stop it because I have realized that it is really dangerous and can cause lung cancer, I have already seen enough pain and suffering in those videos. Those videos have been really useful and have motivated me to quit. Chewing gum has also helped me a ton, whenever I feel the urge to smoke I start chewing and this has been of great help to me, the urge to smoke goes away as soon as I pop it into my mouth and the urge to smoke instantly goes away. â€Å"Nicotine replacement therapies work by giving you a small amount of nicotine, but without the dangerous effects of inhaling tobacco smoke. This helps relieve the withdrawal symptoms and cravings for a cigarette that you get when you stop smoking, and allows you to get on with breaking the psychological habit of smoking. If you are physically addicted to nicotine, using NRT has been shown to almost double your chances of successfully quitting smoking.† (Nicorette Gum) This idea was first suggested to me by a good friend and I tried it and it works like a charm for me, the first time I tried it and I was very happy with the results and I knew this was going to save me, I have bought several gums to help me quit. These are a couple of ideas that have really helped me, discipline in life is really important and I have realized this very late but I am going to follow it till my last breath, I have also understood how difficult it is to give up on vices. Developing

Maths investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maths investigation - Essay Example 1/3*1/3=1/9. Thus the number of sides is increased by 4 times i.e. 4*12=48. Length of the side is decreased by 3 times. The perimeter is calculated directly as number of sides in this stage multiplied by the length of the side in the same stage i.e.48*1/9. Now each side in the previous stage gives rise to one equilateral triangle in this stage with side 1/3 of the side in the previous stage i.e.1/9. Therefore the number of new triangles added in this stage is equal to the number of sides in the previous stage i.e. 12. Therefore the area in this stage is calculated as the area in the previous stage plus the sum of the areas of the newly developed triangles. In the above graph the stage number is taken on x-axis and the no. of sides are taken on y-axis. It shows that the no. of sides increases with the stage number. As n-> Nn ->, since in the limiting situation the fractal does not have an edge but is bound by a smooth curve. In general for any n>0 , Nn = 3*4n = N0*4n the graph shows that the length of side decreases with the stage no. and finally converges to 0. i.e. the limiting fractal will not have any edges but will be bound by a smooth curve. In general In = 1/3n The graph shows that the perimeter increases with the stage no. but it cannot tend to infinity as the area is bounded by 0.7 as can be seen from the subsequent graph. in general Pn = Nn*In Q7 part 2) The graph shows that area increases with stage number but it does not exceed 0.7 as the curve is tangential to the line y=0.7. in fact as n-> the area tends to 0.7. In general An = A0(1+3(k=0 to k=n-1, j=1 to j=n-1[4k*1/32*j])) = A0(1 + 3(40*1/32 + 41*1/34 + 42*1/36 +..+

Women And Personal Status Law In Iraq Politics Essay

Women And Personal Status Law In Iraq Politics Essay Personal Status law is the term applied to those provisions in a states constitution that refer to the areas of marriage, divorce, custody, and inheritance. In many countries these laws are constructed as part of a secular, civil code, with independent courts adjudicating disputes. Historically women have been much more sensitive to personal status laws, also referred to as family law, because of their position in the household as caregivers and matriarchs. The laws that pertain to personal status in Iraq have undergone three main periods of transformation; in pre-Gulf War Iraq, the original law of personal status was set in place on December 30, 1959; several of the provisions (articles) were then amended, a few dropped, and several more added throughout the 1970s; post-Gulf War Iraq was a crucial turning point in the transformation of the code when women began to see a decline in their personal status rights; the laws were altered yet again as a consequence of the U.S. led invasion in 2003 and the drafting of a new Iraqi Constitution. By looking at these three time periods and the prevailing political atmospheres, we can then see the negative transformation and state manipulation of the personal status law. The future of the status of women in Iraq and their rights as recognized in a personal status code will also be discussed. It will be clear from this examination that while women have been successful in exerting some influence on laws of personal status in Iraq, more often than not the laws have been manipulated as a political tool by those in power, irreverent of the needs or wants of the countrys female population. It is important to consider the development of international human rights perceptions in relation to the current debate in the Middle East. The purpose of this framework is to provide a foundation from which we can understand the source of significant tension between Sharia Law and Personal Status Law. Human rights formed in the West during the European Enlightenment. The idea that the rights of the individual should be of paramount importance in a political system emerged and the emphasis on individualism, humanism, and rationalism (Mayer, 44) is the basis for contemporary international human rights principles. These Western foundations do well to explain the cause of tension between the West and Islam over human rights but to understand where the source of tension lies, we must look at Islam as an institution. Islam is the cornerstone of Middle East culture and tradition. Regardless of modernization efforts, Islamic primacy still remains. The dominance of religion affects all aspects of life including the human rights discourse and, as a result, the Muslim position on human rights is complex. Muslims do not have a common belief about what the Islamic position on human rights is or the relationship of their cultural tradition to international human rights norms (Mayer, 11). The Middle East, by nature, is a deeply penetrated region dealing with the impact of Western persuasion throughout its history. Human rights concepts are just another standard that the Middle East has had to assimilate and apply to their countries. However, these concepts are also part of accepted international law and by acknowledging international law as the law of nations (Mayer, 12), Muslims are bound to these norms. Thus, Muslim rejection to international human rights on the basis of Islam is contradictory. Historically, there is no human rights tradition in Islamic civilization (Mayer, 73) and no existing criteria as to how Islamic institutions limit international human rights or is there any detail of what these restrictions would be. International law recognizes many rights protections are not absolute and may be suspended or qualified in exception circumstance such as wars or public emergencies or even in normal circumstances in the interests of certain overriding considerations  [1]  However, there are certain kinds of rights that cannot be limited. These include freedom and equality, equality before law, equal protection, fair and public hearing, freedom of religion, and equal rights in marriage, all of which are listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). In addition to these absolute rights, the UDHR also includes definite standards regarding what constitutes permissible reasons for curbing human rights protections (Mayer, 76). For example, Article 29.2 states: In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.  [2]   A similar stipulation is also expressed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in Article 4: The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, in the enjoyment of those rights provided by the State in conformity with the present Covenant, the State may subject such rights only to such limitations as are determined by law only in so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these rights and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a democratic society.  [3]   It is clear that there are specific guidelines to restricting limits put on human rights exist; so then how does Islam seem to infringe upon these principles? Under international law, Muslims and non-Muslims cannot be deprived of their rights. However, there is no regulation that states that fundamental human rights may be curtailedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦by reference to the requirements of a particular religion (Mayer, 76). Nevertheless, human rights in the Middle East are being controlled under Sharia law and as a result, the rights that are established under international law are being qualified by standards that are not recognized in international law as legitimate bases for curtailing rights (Mayer, 77). Thus, it can be concluded that Sharia law is in direct conflict with democracy and human rights. More importantly, the overall conflict lies in the relationship between culture and human rights (An-Naim, 142). Sharia law is an integral part of Muslim society as it is the personal law of Islamic society. Most of the human rights violations related to Islam are inflicted on women especially regarding Personal Status law. Women in Pre-Gulf War Iraq CONDITIONS IN 1959 The late 1950s were a time of great change for Iraq. After years of living under the British mandate system and the subsequent rule of a pro-British monarch, a revolutionary new regime came to power on July 14, 1958. Led by Colonel Abd al-Salam Arif and Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim, the forces that overthrew the monarchy were united more by their distaste of the ruling regime, rather than by ideological means (Tripp, 149). Qasim quickly took advantage of his new position, consolidating power at the top of the state, and appointing himself Prime Minister, Minister of Defence, and Commander in Chief (Tripp, 152). The Iraq he took over was poor and underdeveloped, but under Qasim progressive laws were passed and early on groups were allowed to organize (including the Communist Party) to address the concerns and needs of what had previously been neglected aspects of society. These organizations, though allowed to operate openly were nevertheless still beholden to the state. One such grou p was the League for the Defense of Womens Rights, or al-Rabita, officially recognized by the government in 1958 though it had been active underground since 1952 (Efrati, 2). Al-Rabita was funded by the Communist Party, but established by professional Iraqi women to create widespread access to the kinds of opportunities which their own more privileged backgrounds had granted them (Tripp, 154). In this spirit the group focused on educational opportunities and political participation. They were also active in helping to draft and pass the Personal Status Code of 1959. Before 1959, Iraq had no civil code that addressed matters of personal status, which are of particular concern to women. The 1940s saw the first wave of educated women in Iraq, as female doctors and lawyers graduated from state universities (Tripp, 155). The women who had started organizing in 1952 were committed to combating issues of child marriages, polygamy, and the difficulty of divorce for women compared to the relative ease of divorce for men. These women were active in helping to draft the 1959 law and their president, Naziha al-Dulaymi, used her position as the Minister of Municipalit ies (and the first woman cabinet member in Iraq) to sit on the panel of specialists who prepared the law. Resistance was strong among the Sunni and Shia ulama; the Sunni were afraid that the income and prestige of the ulama would suffer, while the Shia clerics saw possible codification of a civil personal law as an encroachment on the realm of their mujtahids (Efrati, 3). It is unclear why Qasims government pushed through with the groundbreaking Personal Status Law No. 188 on December 30, 1959 (Efrati, 3). A possible reason for the ruling could have been Qasims was interest in unifying Iraq, not because he was necessarily an egalitarian, but because consolidation of the state made control easier, thereby increasing and protecting his power base. THE LAW OF 1959 The Personal Status Law was issued by decree in 1959 and contained two distinct innovations: It unified personal status law for Sunnis and Shia. Personal status law was now codified and written into law. Judges could no longer determine the law according to their own religious training; they simply had to apply the new code (Brown, 5). The new law had its basis in Sharia but made expert religious opinion unnecessary, taking control over personal status and the fate of women out of the hands of the religious leaders and putting it into the hands of the state. Underscoring how important a rift this caused among the emerging secular state and the religious clerics, author Michael Eppel writes that Shiite religious leaders opposition to this law was a catalyst in the Shiite awakening in Iraq (158). This uniform law was enacted to erase sectarian divisions and subject everyone to the same rules of the state. Important provisions of the law included: A marriage age of 18 (article 8). In special cases this could be lowered to 16. Required a womans consent to her marriage (articles 4 and 6). Set forth sanity and puberty as essential to the capacity to marry (article 7). Prohibited arbitrary divorce. Set strict limitations on polygamy, requiring the permission of a judge which could only be granted on two conditions: 1) the husband was financially able to support more than one wife (article 4a) or 2) that there was some lawful benefit involved (article 4b). Stipulated that mothers had the preferential right to custody of their children. Custody was granted until the age of seven, with an opportunity for the court to extend the age if necessary (article 57). Required that men and women be treated equally in matters of inheritance. Considered talaq to be invalid if spoken by a man whose mental capabilities were lacking (i.e. in cases of intoxication or anger). Allowed women to seek divorce through judicial means on grounds of injury or familial discord (Efrati and Coleman). The law was not perfect and did in fact contain many loopholes. Women activists wanted tougher punishments for forcing women to marry, a ban on polygamy and temporary marriages, as well as protection against marriage by proxy, which could undermine a womans right to consent by substituting a male guardian. Activists were also upset that men retained the right of no-fault divorce, where women had to prove injury, and that a womans consent was not necessary to resume a marriage after a talaq divorce. At the same time, however, the law contained many provisions considered extremely liberal and progressive. The inheritance law was considered a radical departure from Islamic teachings. Womens groups argued that differentiating between men and women in the issue of inheritance was not suitable for a progressive society (Efrati, 12). Women were now entering the workforce and helping to provide for the family; therefore they should be allowed an equal opportunity to support their income with inheritances. When clerics decried this move, Qasim defended the provision by saying that the verse in the Koran calling for a daughters inheritance to be half that of a sons was a recommendation, and not a requirement (Coleman, 3). Whatever the reason for the creation of the 1959 uniform personal status law, its creation gave Iraqi women a vast amount of secular rights, and gave them the most progressive rights for their sex in the Arab world. CHANGES OVER TIME 1963-80 The decades of the 1960s and 1970s were characterized by coup detats and political unrest in Iraq, as well as by fluctuating economic wealth and development, all of which contributed to a redefinition of womens rights. On February 8, 1963 Abd al-Salam Arif lead a coalition of nationalist Nasserite army officers and Bath party members in a successful coup against the Qasim government, bringing a new regime into power (Eppel 202). The Arif government, comprised of Bathist and Arab nationalists, was not united on ideological grounds, and factions within the parties were quickly at odds with each other. In March of 1963 they fought to amend the personal status law, instituting slight changes regarding polygamy and repealing the provisions applicable to inheritance, replacing them with rules more consonant with the Sharia (Efrati, 4). Both Arif and Prime Minister Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr wanted to repeal the law completely which they saw as irreconcilable with Islamic law, but were prevented f rom doing so due to infighting (Eppel, 216). These changes to the law proved to be temporary and were later amended in the 1970s. In 1968 yet another coup was launched, this time by the Bath party against Arifs brother, who had gained control of Iraq upon his brothers death. The Bath party stood for the power and unity of the Arab nation, and they rejected the Sunni/Shiite rift as an obstacle to this unity (Eppel, 232). In this vein they did not move to repeal the 1959 status law, in part because of its secular nature and also because they needed women to contribute to a stronger Iraq. The idea was that by empowering women personally it would encourage them to participate economically and politically. To facilitate their agenda the Bath introduced many state funded organizations aimed at redevelopment. Much like al-Rabita was created as a state controlled channel for womens participation in society, so too was the General Federation of Iraqi Women (GFIW) created when the Bath regime came to power in 1968 (Joseph, 182). The womens groups of the 1970s and early 80s had a reciprocal relationship with the Bath leadership. GFIW members were taught that they must serve and be loyal to the party and the state, and were encouraged to participate in a expanding public domain of social, cultural, political, and economic activities, helping to build a more solid and economically viable state (Joseph, 183). Joseph also writes that GFIW staff spent considerable time encouraging, among the membership, affection and loyalty to the head of the party and state, Saddam Hussein (183). In exchange for their loyalty to the state, the GFIW was given the role of implementing the changes in the laws of personal status, were allowed to host conferences of activist women, and were elevated in the public eye by Saddam Husseins frequent pronouncements and public appearances lauding the work and leaders of their organization (183). The Bath never let the GFIW go unchecked; women leaders were appointed by their party and its bu dget was derived from the state (Joseph, 182). What is most interesting is that it was men at the top of the Bath partys power structure that set forth the goals of the GFIW. One of these goals was to ensure the equality of Iraqi women with men in rights, in the economy and in the state (182). While other womens groups still operated, the GFIW took over as the main catalyst for the expression of female goals. With the creation of this group, women activists again channeled their energy into rectifying the changes made in 1963 to the personal status law, and to closing the loopholes resulting from the 1959 version. THE NEW PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION In 1970, members of the General Federation of Iraqi Women decided the time was right to push for a new personal status law to replace the 1959 code and more importantly the restrictive amendments introduced in 1963. They pushed for greater reforms, and formulated a draft for a new family law that was presented to the regime in 1975 (Efrati, 4). While not all of their demands were met, several amendments to the personal status code were included in Iraqs Provisional Constitution in 1970 and 1978. Among the important changes: Article 19 declared all citizens equal before the law (regardless of sex). Divorce was permitted by judicial proceedings if the marriage took place before 18 years of age or without a judges approval. Forced marriages were nullified if not consummated, and divorce was allowed where the marriage was not consummated. New punishments were set for forcing marriage and for preventing marriage. Punishments were set for marriages contracted outside of the court A man who contracted a second marriage (without judicial permission) could be imprisoned for 3-5 years. A wife now had legal grounds for demanding a divorce if her husband took a second wife without permission by a judge. A woman could now have a no-fault divorce if the marriage was not yet consummated and the marriage expenses were returned to the husband. Situations under which a woman could obtain a judicial divorce were clarified and expanded, ex) adultery. Maternal custody was extended to the age of 10. At age 15 the child could choose whom to live with (Efrati, HRW and Joseph). The law still registered several shortcomings. It did not forbid marriages by proxy, did not go far enough with the maternal age of custody, and lowered the possible marriage age to 15 (from 16) if a judge saw that special circumstances prevailed. Another major blow to the hopes of womens groups was that no ban on polygamy was included. Activists still opposed article 3(5) which allowed a judge to decide whether wives could be treated equally (Efrati, 7). They contended that judges were ill-equipped to make such a decision, and that equal treatment was an impossibility, citing as reinforcement the Quranic verse which states Ye will not be able to deal equally between [your] wives, however much you wish [to do so]' (7). Other articles that remained unchanged from the 1959 version included articles 34, 38, and 39, which allowed for divorce outside of the court, and ensured that equal rights to divorce were not granted to women (9). Still the changes in the 1970s, though slight, did enc ourage the womens movement. Also, in January of 1971, Iraq ratified the International Covenants on Civil and Political rights (ICCPR) and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), both of which provided equal protection to women under international law (HWR, 2). The central question here is why did the Bath party pay attention to womens demands for greater opportunities and rights? Women activists had been vocal about instituting change since the 1920s, and though successful in seeing the 1959 law passed, they had not encountered many reforms since. Womens groups were partly responsible for the additions, but their activities alone do not explain the shifts in policy put into place by the Bath government. Among the new initiatives were Labor and Employment laws which passed, allowing women opportunities to participate in the civil service sector, maternity benefits that were introduced, as well as other legislation (HRW, 2). According to Human Rights Watch, the Iraqi Bureau of Statistics reported that in 1976, women represented about 38.5 percent of those in the education sector, 31 percent in the medical field, 15 percent of civil servants and 25 percent of lab technicians. Women were also accorded the right to vote in 1980. When one consid ers that the first female graduates of educational institutions didnt emerge until the 1940s, this participation is highly accelerated. This increased economic participation then paved the way for slight changes to the personal status law. As Joseph writes, In so far as freeing women from familial controls to participate in the labour force and the polity was needed for the state-building programme, some revision of the personal status laws became necessary and useful (184). Thus, during this time period, due to the economic expansion of the state, the regime saw fit to expand womens participation and facilitated this through political means, by amending the personal status law. WAR YEARS The 1980s and 90s were a hard time for all Iraqis, and women were no exception. Two wars and a decade of U.N. sanctions ensured that womens groups had other more pressing concerns than the continued fight to amend the personal status code. In 1972, with the nationalization of Iraqs main commodity, oil, the states wealth increased and an economic boom contributed to advancement in education and the workforce for women. By the 1980s and 90s a slow-down occurred as these resources were diverted to pay for the Iran-Iraq war and later to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the Gulf war that followed. Throughout these decades women again became a tool of the state. Whereas before they had been co-opted with political reforms, now women, under threat of personal or familial harm, were urged in the 1980s and 1990s to put the state first and family second. Loyalty to the state was absolute. Divorce was now used as a weapon of the regime. Noga Efrati writes, women were encouraged to seek judicial divorce if their husbands evaded or deserted military service, defected to the enemy side, were convicted of treason, or held foreign citizenship and refrained from returning to Iraq for more than three years (10). During these years the GFIW did manage to convince President Saddam Hussein to pass a few resolutions, in special cases, but to the advantage of only a small number of women. Women in Post-Gulf War Iraq Beginning in the 1990s women started to see a dramatic reversal in their personal status rights. Joseph writes that the modest legal advances for women would be precariously balanced against the costs the Bath would incur by antagonizing other constituencies (184). The constituencies he speaks of are those of the religious leaders and the tribal chiefs, the same people whose support Saddam needed to court in order to retain power throughout the wars. Saddam made a decision to embrace Islamic and tribal traditions as a political tool in order to consolidate power (HWR, 3). In this vein Saddam manipulated and created law wherever it served his political purposes. In 1988 he legalized honour killings in Iraq, permitting men to kill their wives or female relatives if they were judged to have dishonoured the family name by committing adultery, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Iraqi women and girls (Tripp, 227, HWR). This reversal was a concession to Shia clerics. Womens access to the public and private sectors (including education) were also cut in order to ensure jobs for men during wartime and to help appease conservative religious and tribal groups (HWR). A combination of depressed economic and political factors in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to a regression of womens status and rights in Iraq, taking them back to traditional roles in the family. The 2003 Invasion and the New Iraqi Constitution With the U.S. led invasion in 2003, many activists both in and outside of Iraq expected a positive change in the status of women and hoped for the restoration of a progressive personal status code. The hope was that after removing Saddam from power, a new government, guided by an egalitarian Western power (the United States) would be able to resurrect and strengthen the original personal status law of 1959, ensuring more equal rights for women. Unfortunately it has been a bumpy road for female activists. The war and its aftermath have greatly reduced personal freedoms for all Iraqis, and attempts at preserving the personal status code have taken a back seat to preservation and personal safety. Progressives and women activists initially suffered a setback when in December 2003 the Iraqi Governing Council (IGC), under the control of Abd al-Aziz al-Hakim, the Shia cleric who leads the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), passed Order 137 which seemed to set aside the 1959 personal status law (Brown, 6). Hakim had long been in opposition to the progressive personal status code, and used his opportunity as head of the rotating governing council to pass a measure that instilled Sharia and nullified the old code. According to Noga Efrati, women moved aggressively to fight Order 137, organizing a series of protests (1). One such protest drew activists representing 80 womens organizations, who carried placards that with slogans such as We Reject Decree 137 Which Sanctifies Sectarianism and Division in Iraqi Society and Family (1). Womens groups also held press conferences and high-level meetings with American provisional authorities to voice their concerns ov er the law, which in addition to nullifying an important code, was ambiguous and dangerous in its wording (Coleman, 3). Paul Bremer, leader of the Coalitional Provisional Authority, ended up vetoing Order 137, but the move by the Shia cleric foreshadowed the uphill fight women would have to face in a new, sectarian Iraq. In the final draft of the Constitution womens status in the new Iraq has not been clarified. In the October 2005 document, article 14 states that Iraqis are equal before the law without discrimination because of sex, but it also states that no law can be passed that contradicts the undisputed rules of Islam (Pollitt, 1). Whose version of Islam will govern is still up for debate. The law seems to indicate that Sunnis and Shia would be free to follow their own doctrine, and because it does not explicitly repeal or reference the 1959 law, scholars say the Constitution would appear to allow the continuation of the 1959 code of personal status for those who wanted to use it (Brown, 5). Sharia law could mean the return of unrestricted polygamy, divorce by talaq, honour killings, and a public death for perpetrators of adultery (Weinberg, 1). The picture becomes even more unclear when one looks at the Supreme Federal Court, also established by the Constitution. This Court will be made up of a number of judges and experts in Sharia and law (Pollitt, 1). It is unclear at this stage where there would be room for a civil court system. While the women of Iraq and the National Assembly managed to be successful in keeping the 1959 law intact, it seems that the country is destined to be divided along religious lines. Even if Iraq remains a unified country, the religious and sectarian splits in law could make adjudicating disputes incredibly difficult. What would happen in the case of a Sunni woman who is married to a Shia man? Would she have the right to visit a Sunni or secular court, or if the country reverts back to its patrimonial past, will she be forced to go to a Shia court. Perhaps she could pick whichever court is most advantageous to her cause. A Supreme Federal Court adjudicating on the basis of Sharia is also problematic for non-Muslims residing in Iraq. If Sharia is the law of the land, will non-Muslims also be subjected to it even though the constitution guarantees freedom of religion? The two main sects of Islam will most likely interpret family law differently, and women have gone from an even footing under secular law, to an unknown system that could test their resilience and forfeit their accustomed rights. Possible Transformations The fact is that the new Iraqi government has laid out a constitution which gives Islam a central role and which names the religion as a basic source of legislation (Pollitt, 1). Sharia has been recognized as a legitimizing factor, and therefore if women and moderates hope to advance the cause of womens rights in the new Iraq, they will probably have to do so within an Islamic framework. In the recent past women in other nations have also faced a change in their status, with different outcomes. One fear is the possibility of Iraq following in Irans footsteps, which would be a disastrous blow to the womens movement and to the hopes of those that wish to see Iraq modernize. With the coming of Irans revolution in 1979 and the attainment of power by religious clerics, the countrys progressive family law was suspended and within a few months new Sharia rulings lowered the marriage age to nine, permitted polygamy, gave fathers the right to decide who their daughters could marry, permitted unilateral divorce for men but not women, and gave fathers sole custody of children in the case of divorce (Coleman, 5). While a distinct possibility, this seems to be a fate Iraq has avoided with clauses in their Constitution that guarantee women an equal footing with men. Hopefully, Iraq will follow the letter of the law and will not suffer the same fate as Irans family law codes. Fortunately, there is precedent for a successful path to a change in womens status. Morocco and Indonesia have both seen extensive dialogue concerning their personal status codes, and each has discussed changes using Islam as a large part of their rationale. Morocco benefits from a large network of progressive nongovernmental organizations, which pushed to raise the marriage age from 15 to 18, abolish polygamy, equalize the right to divorce, and give women the right to retain custody of their children (Coleman, 5). As with Iraq, these progressive organizations were opposed by a large and vocal religious block within the country. In this case, the changes in the Sharia-based personal status laws were facilitated by a modernizing monarch, King Muhammad IV. He backed the reformers and in October 2003 presented Moroccos parliament with revisions to the law, defending his changes with references to the Koran and thereby placing the new law above reproach from religious leaders (Weitzman, 394). Iraq may not have the NGO strength of Morocco, but with the emergence of a charismatic, forward-thinking leader, as well as pressure from womens organizations and others from below, a reform along the lines of Moroccos experience could be achieved. In the case of Indonesia, grass-roots groups have started schooling women on Islamic jurisprudence so that they may hold their own religious debates. In 2004, Musdah Mulia, the chief researcher at Indonesias Ministry of Religious Affairs, proposed changes to the existing Sharia in the areas of marriage, polygamy, and the wearing of the hijab (Coleman, 5). She defended these changes in much the same way that King Muhammad of Morocco did, through references to